Transcriptional analysis of Rhazya stricta in response to jasmonic acid

BACKGROUND: Jasmonic acid (JA) is a signal transducer molecule that plays an important role in plant development and stress response; it can also efficiently stimulate secondary metabolism in plant cells. RESULTS: RNA-Seq technology was applied to identify differentially expressed genes and study the time course of gene expression in Rhazya stricta in response to JA. Of more than 288 million total reads, approximately 27% were mapped to genes in the reference genome. Genes involved during the secondary metabolite pathways were up- or downregulated when treated with JA in R. stricta. Functional annotation and pathway analysis of all up- and downregulated genes identified many biological processes and molecular functions. Jasmonic acid biosynthetic, cell wall organization, and chlorophyll metabolic processes were upregulated at days 2, 6, and 12, respectively. Similarly, the molecular functions of calcium-transporting ATPase activity, ADP binding, and protein kinase activity were also upregulated at days 2, 6, and 12, respectively. Time-dependent transcriptional gene expression analysis showed that JA can induce signaling in the phenylpropanoid and aromatic acid pathways. These pathways are responsible for the production of secondary metabolites, which are essential for the development and environmental defense mechanism of R. stricta during stress conditions. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggested that genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis and aromatic acid synthesis pathways were upregulated during JA stress. However, monoterpenoid indole alkaloid (MIA) was unaffected by JA treatment. Hence, we can postulate that JA plays an important role in R. stricta during plant development and environmental stress conditions.

Comparative Genome Analysis of Scutellaria baicalensis and Scutellaria barbata Reveals the Evolution of Active Flavonoid Biosynthesis / 基因组蛋白质组与生物信息学报·英文版

Scutellaria baicalensis (S. baicalensis) and Scutellaria barbata (S. barbata) are common medicinal plants of the Lamiaceae family. Both produce specific flavonoid compounds, including baicalein, scutellarein, norwogonin, and wogonin, as well as their glycosides, which exhibit antioxidant and antitumor activities. Here, we report chromosome-level genome assemblies of S. baicalensis and S. barbata with quantitative chromosomal variation (2n = 18 and 2n = 26, respectively). The divergence of S. baicalensis and S. barbata occurred far earlier than previously reported, and a whole-genome duplication (WGD) event was identified. The insertion of long terminal repeat elements after speciation might be responsible for the observed chromosomal expansion and rearrangement. Comparative genome analysis of the congeneric species revealed the species-specific evolution of chrysin and apigenin biosynthetic genes, such as the S. baicalensis-specific tandem duplication of genes encoding phenylalanine ammonia lyase and chalcone synthase, and the S. barbata-specific duplication of genes encoding 4-CoA ligase. In addition, the paralogous duplication, colinearity, and expression diversity of CYP82D subfamily members revealed the functional divergence of genes encoding flavone hydroxylase between S. baicalensis and S. barbata. Analyzing these Scutellaria genomes reveals the common and species-specific evolution of flavone biosynthetic genes. Thus, these findings would facilitate the development of molecular breeding and studies of biosynthesis and regulation of bioactive compounds.

Biosynthesis of flavonoids in achenes of Fragaria chiloensis ssp. chiloensis / Biosintesis de flavonoides en aquenios de Fragaria chiloensis ssp. chiloensis

Fragaria chiloensis ssp. chiloensis has two native botanical forms. Fruits from both botanical forms, Fragaria chiloensis ssp. chiloensis f. chiloensis (native white strawberry) and f. patagonica (native red strawberry), were collected from Bio-Bio Region, and a comparative study in the biosynthesis and pigment accumulation was performed from achens. The fruit was classified in four different developmental and ripening stages in order to establish the differences in the transcriptional profile of structural genes and the chemical compounds. A differential expression of those genes involved in the biosynthesis (phenylpropanoid and flavonoids) of anthocianins was found. The differential expression of genes was concomitant with the increase in the level of cyanidin 3-glucoside (C3G) along the fruit development for both botanical forms. On the contrary, undetectable level of cyanidin 3-glucoside (P3G) was observed in the f. chiloensis. Albeit, P3G increase rapidly from the development stage 2, reaching the maximum value at stage 4 in Fragaria chiloensis ssp. chiloensis f. patagonica.

Fragaria chiloensis ssp. chiloensis presenta dos formas botánicas nativas. Los frutos de ambas formas botánicas, Fragaria chiloensis ssp. chiloensis f. chiloensis (frutilla nativa blanca) y f. patagonica (frutilla nativa roja), fueron colectadas en la región del Bio-Bio, realizándose un estudio comparativo en la biosíntesis y acumulación de la pigmentación en aquenios. Para ello, el fruto fue clasificado en cuatro distintos estadios de desarrollo y maduración a fin de establecer las diferencias en los perfiles transcripcionales de genes estructurales y de compuestos químicos. Se determinó una expresión diferencial de los genes responsables de la formación de antocianinas, concomitante con un incremento en los niveles de cianidina 3-glucósido (C3G) en tanto avanza el desarrollo del fruto en ambas formas botánicas. Por el contrario, se observó niveles indetectables de pelargonidina 3-glucósido (P3G) en f. chiloensis, lo cual contrasta con lo observado en f. patagonica, donde P3G se incrementa rápidamente a partir del estadio 2, alcanzando un máximo valor en estadio 4.

Flavonoides e sua relação com doenças do Sistema Nervoso Central / Flavonoids and their relationship to diseases of the Central Nervous System

Epidemiological studies indicate the health protective effect of fruits andvegetables. A significant part of this effect may be due to their contentof flavonoids. These bioactive compounds from vegetables in the diet of humans feature many biological properties. Such properties include the ones related to the Central Nervous System physiology. Currently, literature suggests that flavonoids can modulate many enzymes, including those with anti-inflammatory action, in reduction of atherosclerotic plaques, inhibition of platelet aggregation, vasodilation, exhibit hormonal activity (specifically isoflavones) and significant antioxidant activity. Studies indicate that the prevalence of mental illness in developed countries increased in correlation with the deterioration of the dietary pattern of these populations, as a result of Western Diet adoption. Flavonoids pass beyond the Blood-Brain Barrier through several channels, most of which are still under investigation, and reach almost all brain nuclei. These compounds are able to increase the antioxidant capacity of the brain and improve its blood perfusion, interact with neuronal genes and modulate the activity of certain neuronal receptors. The data reported in this review reinforce the recommendations for promoting the consumption of fruits and vegetables, which supply food flavonoids, in order to prevent and treat diseases affecting the Central Nervous System, as recommended bythe World Health Organization.

Los estudios epidemiológicos muestran el efecto protector de la salud del consumo de frutas y verduras, que puede ser en gran parte atribuidoa los flavonoides. Estos compuestos bioactivos provenientes de los vegetales de la dieta humana, presentan numerosas propiedades biológicas. Entre ellas se encuentran las actividades relacionadas con la fisiología del Sistema Nervioso Central. En la actualidad, la literatura sugiere que los flavonoides por mediode la modulación de numerosas enzimas, tienen acción en el sistema vascular, incluyendo acción antiinflamatoria, de reducción delas placas arterioscleróticas, inhibiciónde la agregación plaquetaria, promociónde vasodilatación, actividad hormonal (específicamente las isoflavonas) y significativa actividad antioxidante. Los estudios indican que la prevalencia de enfermedades mentales en los países desarrollados aumentó en correlación con la deterioración de los hábitos alimentarios de estas poblaciones, como resultado de la adopción de la dieta occidental. Los flavonoides penetran la barrera hematoen cefálica através de varios canales, la mayoría de los cuales están todavía bajo investigación, y alcanzan prácticamente todos los núcleos cerebrales. Estos compuestos son capaces de aumentar la capacidad antioxidante del cerebro, mejorar su perfusión sanguínea, interactuar con genes neuronales y modular la actividad de receptores neuronales. Los datos presentados en esta revisión refuerzan las recomendaciones depromoción del consumo de frutas y hortalizas, los principales proveedores de flavonoides de la dieta, de acuerdo con la OMS, a fin de preveniry tratar enfermedades que afectan el Sistema Nervioso Central.

Estudos epidemiológicos demonstram o efeito protetor à saúde do consumo de frutas e hortaliças; uma parcela significativa deste efeito pode ser atribuída aos flavonoides. Estes compostos bioativos, provenientes dos vegetais presentes na dieta dos seres humanos, exibem inúmeras propriedades biológicas. Dentre elas, destacam-se atividades ligadas à fisiologiado Sistema Nervoso Central. Atualmente, a literatura aponta que os flavonoides são capazes de modular numerosas enzimas, têm ação no sistema vascular, inclusive ação anti-inflamatória, redução de placas ateroscleróticas, inibição da agregação plaquetária, promoção da vasodilatação, ação hormonal (especificamente isoflavonas) e significante atividade antioxidante. Estudos apontam que a prevalência de doenças mentais aumentou nos países desenvolvidos em correlação com a deterioração do padrão alimentar destas populações, como resultado da adoção da Dieta Ocidental. Os flavonoidesultra passam a Barreira Hemato-Encefálica por diversas vias, a maioria das quais ainda em investigação, e atingem praticamente todos os núcleos cerebrais. Estes compostos são capazes de aumentar a capacidade antioxidante do cérebro, melhorar sua perfusão sanguínea, interagir com genes neuronais e modulara atividade de determinados receptores neuronais. Os dados relatados nesta revisão reforçam as recomendações de promoção do consumo de frutas e hortaliças, principais fornecedores de flavonoides na alimentação, em consonância com a OMS, como modo deprevenir e tratar doenças que acometem o Sistema Nervoso Central.

Isoflavonoids production in callus culture of Pueraria tuberosa, the Indian kudzu.

Isoflavonoid contents of different plant parts and callus tissues of the Indian Kudzu, Pueraria tuberosa (Roxb.ex.Willd.) DC are presented. The initial cultures were slow growing, associated with browning of the tissues. The production of four isoflavonoids (puerarin, genistin, genistein and daidzein) in the callus cultures of P. tuberosa was studied by manipulating the plant growth regulators and sucrose concentration in the medium. Organogenesis was not recorded in callus on any of these treatments. Tuber and stem accumulated puerarin, a glycoside of daidzein, at high amounts, 0.65% and 0.054% respectively. However, the daidzein content of the callus tissues grown on Murashige and Skoog medium containing BA (20.9 microM) and sucrose (60 gl(-1)) was significantly higher (0.056%) than in vivo plant material (0.02%) and other comparable culture systems like Genista and Pueraria lobata.